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This article is about deferred tax as an accounting concept, which are only recorded as assets if it is deemed more likely than not that the asset will be used in future fiscal periods.
Contents
[hide]
1 Temporary differences
1.1 Illustrated example
2 Timing differences
3 Justification for deferred tax accounting
4 Examples
4.1 Deferred tax liabilities
4.2 Deferred tax assets
5 Deferred tax in modern accounting standards
6 Derecognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities
7 See also
8 Notes
9 External links
Temporary differences [edit]
Temporary differences are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability recognized in the statements of financial position and the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax; or
deductible temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in deductible amounts in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled.[1]
Illustrated example[edit]
The basic principle of accounting for deferred tax under a temporary difference approach can be illustrated using a common example in which a company has fixed assets which qualify for tax depreciation.
The following example assumes that a company purchases an asset for $1,000 which is depreciated for accounting purposes on a straight-line basis of five years of $200/year. The company claims tax depreciation of 25% per year. The applicable rate of corporate income tax is assumed to be 35%. And then subtract the net value.
Purchase
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Accounting value
$1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200
Tax value
$1,000 $750 $563 $422 $316
Taxable/(deductible) temporary difference
$0 $50 $37 $(22) $(116)
Deferred tax liability/(asset) at 35%
$0 $18 $13 $(8) $(41)
As the tax value, or tax base, is lower than the accounting value, or book value, in years 1 and 2, the company should recognize a deferred tax liability. This also reflects the fact that the company has claimed tax depreciation in excess of the expense for accounting depreciation recorded in its accounts, whereas in the future the company should claim less tax depreciation in total than accounting depreciation in its accounts.
In years 3 and 4, the tax value exceeds the accounting value, therefore the company should recognise a deferred tax asset (subject to it having sufficient forecast profits so that it is able to utilise future tax deductions). This reflects the fact that the company expects to be able to claim tax depreciation in the future in excess of accounting depreciation.
Timing differences[edit]
In many cases the deferred tax outcome will be similar for a temporary difference or timing difference approach. However, differences can arise such as in relation to revaluation of fixed assetsqualifying for tax depreciation, which gives rise to a deferred tax asset under a balance sheet approach, but in general should have no impact under a timing difference approach.
Justification for deferred tax accounting[edit]
Deferred tax is relevant to the matching principle.
Examples[edit]
Deferred tax liabilities[edit]
Deferred tax liabilities generally arise where tax relief is provided in advance of an accounting expense, or income is accrued but not taxed until received. Examples of such situations include:
a company claims tax depreciation at an accelerated rate relative to accounting depreciation
a company makes pension contributions for which tax relief is provided on a paid basis, whereas accounting entries are determined in accordance with actuarial valuations
Deferred tax assets[edit]
Deferred tax assets generally arise where tax relief is provided after an expense is deducted for accounting purposes.Examples of such situations include:
a company may accrue an accounting expense in relation to a provision such as bad debts, but tax relief may not be obtained until the provision is utilized
a company may incur tax losses and be able to "carry forward" losses to reduce taxable income in future years..
An asset on a company's balance sheet that may be used to reduce any subsequent period's income tax expense. Deferred tax assets can arise due to net loss carryovers, which are only recorded as assets if it is deemed more likely than not that the asset will be used in future fiscal periods.
Deferred tax in modern accounting standards[edit]
Modern accounting standards typically require that a company provides for deferred tax in accordance with either the temporary difference or timing difference approach. Where a deferred tax liability or asset is recognised, the liability or asset should reduce over time (subject to new differences arising) as the temporary or timing difference reverses.
Under International Financial Reporting Standards, deferred tax should be accounted for using the principles in IAS 12: Income Taxes, which is similar (but not identical) to SFAS 109 under US GAAP. Both these accounting standards require a temporary difference approach.
Other accounting standards which deal with deferred tax include:
UK GAAP - Financial Reporting Standard 19: Deferred Tax (timing difference approach)
Mexican GAAP or PCGA - Boletín D-4, el impuesto sobre la renta diferido
Canadian GAAP - CICA Section 3465
Russian PBU 18 (2002) Accounting for profit tax (timing difference approach)
Derecognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities[edit]
Management has an obligation to accurately report the true state of the company, and to make judgements and estimations where necessary. In the context of tax assets and liabilities, there must be a reasonable likelihood that the tax difference may be realised in future years.
For example, a tax asset may appear on the company's accounts due to losses in previous years (if carry-forward of tax losses is allowed). In this case a deferred tax asset should be recognised if and only if the management considered that there will be sufficient future taxable profit to utilise the tax loss.[2] If it becomes clear that the company does not expect to make profits in future years, the value of the tax asset has been impaired: in the estimation of management, the likelihood that this tax loss can be utilised in the future has significantly fallen.
In cases where the carrying value of tax assets or liabilities has changed, the company may need to do a write down, and in certain cases involving in particular a fundamental error, a restatement of its financial results from previous years. Such write-downs may involve either significant income or expenditure being recorded in the company's profit and loss for the financial year in which the write-down takes place.
See also[edit]
Deferred financing costs
Tax shield
Notes[edit]
Jump up^ IAS 12.5
Jump up^ IAS 12.34
External links[edit]
Summary of International Accounting Standard 12: Income Taxes - by the International Accounting Standards Board
Summary of Financial Accounting Standard 109: Income Taxes - US Financial Accounting Standard
Financial Reporting Standard 19: Deferred Tax - UK Financial Reporting Standard
Deftax - Commercial Deferred Tax Software;s report
Control self-assessment
Financial audit
GAAS / ISA
Internal audit
Sarbanes–Oxley Act
Accounting qualifications
CIA
CA
AIA
CPA
CCA
CGA
CMA
CAT
FIA
AAT
CFE
CICA
ACCA
CIMA
CGMA
IPA
CIPFA
v
t
e
An asset that may be used to reduce any subsequent period's income tax expense. For deferral of tax liabilities in cash-flow termsDeferred tax
From Wikipedia. Deferred tax assets can arise due to net loss carryovers.
Accountancy
Key concepts
Accountant
Accounting period
Accrual
Bookkeeping
Cash and accrual basis
Constant purchasing power accounting
Cash flow forecasting
Chart of accounts
Convergence
Journal
Special journals
Cost of goods sold
Credit terms
Debits and credits
Double-entry system
Mark-to-market accounting
FIFO and LIFO
GAAP / IFRS
Management Accounting Principles
General ledger
Goodwill
Historical cost
Matching principle
Revenue recognition
Trial balance
Fields of accounting
Cost
Financial
Forensic
Fund
Management
Tax (U.)
Throughput
Financial statements
Balance sheet
Cash flow statement
Income statement
Statement of retained earnings
Notes
Management discussion and analysis
XBRL
Auditing
Auditor', see tax deferral
This article is about deferred tax as an accounting concept, which are only recorded as assets if it is deemed more likely than not that the asset will be used in future fiscal periods.
Contents
[hide]
1 Temporary differences
1.1 Illustrated example
2 Timing differences
3 Justification for deferred tax accounting
4 Examples
4.1 Deferred tax liabilities
4.2 Deferred tax assets
5 Deferred tax in modern accounting standards
6 Derecognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities
7 See also
8 Notes
9 External links
Temporary differences [edit]
Temporary differences are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability recognized in the statements of financial position and the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax; or
deductible temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in deductible amounts in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled.[1]
Illustrated example[edit]
The basic principle of accounting for deferred tax under a temporary difference approach can be illustrated using a common example in which a company has fixed assets which qualify for tax depreciation.
The following example assumes that a company purchases an asset for $1,000 which is depreciated for accounting purposes on a straight-line basis of five years of $200/year. The company claims tax depreciation of 25% per year. The applicable rate of corporate income tax is assumed to be 35%. And then subtract the net value.
Purchase
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Accounting value
$1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200
Tax value
$1,000 $750 $563 $422 $316
Taxable/(deductible) temporary difference
$0 $50 $37 $(22) $(116)
Deferred tax liability/(asset) at 35%
$0 $18 $13 $(8) $(41)
As the tax value, or tax base, is lower than the accounting value, or book value, in years 1 and 2, the company should recognize a deferred tax liability. This also reflects the fact that the company has claimed tax depreciation in excess of the expense for accounting depreciation recorded in its accounts, whereas in the future the company should claim less tax depreciation in total than accounting depreciation in its accounts.
In years 3 and 4, the tax value exceeds the accounting value, therefore the company should recognise a deferred tax asset (subject to it having sufficient forecast profits so that it is able to utilise future tax deductions). This reflects the fact that the company expects to be able to claim tax depreciation in the future in excess of accounting depreciation.
Timing differences[edit]
In many cases the deferred tax outcome will be similar for a temporary difference or timing difference approach. However, differences can arise such as in relation to revaluation of fixed assetsqualifying for tax depreciation, which gives rise to a deferred tax asset under a balance sheet approach, but in general should have no impact under a timing difference approach.
Justification for deferred tax accounting[edit]
Deferred tax is relevant to the matching principle.
Examples[edit]
Deferred tax liabilities[edit]
Deferred tax liabilities generally arise where tax relief is provided in advance of an accounting expense, or income is accrued but not taxed until received. Examples of such situations include:
a company claims tax depreciation at an accelerated rate relative to accounting depreciation
a company makes pension contributions for which tax relief is provided on a paid basis, whereas accounting entries are determined in accordance with actuarial valuations
Deferred tax assets[edit]
Deferred tax assets generally arise where tax relief is provided after an expense is deducted for accounting purposes.Examples of such situations include:
a company may accrue an accounting expense in relation to a provision such as bad debts, but tax relief may not be obtained until the provision is utilized
a company may incur tax losses and be able to "carry forward" losses to reduce taxable income in future years..
An asset on a company's balance sheet that may be used to reduce any subsequent period's income tax expense. Deferred tax assets can arise due to net loss carryovers, which are only recorded as assets if it is deemed more likely than not that the asset will be used in future fiscal periods.
Deferred tax in modern accounting standards[edit]
Modern accounting standards typically require that a company provides for deferred tax in accordance with either the temporary difference or timing difference approach. Where a deferred tax liability or asset is recognised, the liability or asset should reduce over time (subject to new differences arising) as the temporary or timing difference reverses.
Under International Financial Reporting Standards, deferred tax should be accounted for using the principles in IAS 12: Income Taxes, which is similar (but not identical) to SFAS 109 under US GAAP. Both these accounting standards require a temporary difference approach.
Other accounting standards which deal with deferred tax include:
UK GAAP - Financial Reporting Standard 19: Deferred Tax (timing difference approach)
Mexican GAAP or PCGA - Boletín D-4, el impuesto sobre la renta diferido
Canadian GAAP - CICA Section 3465
Russian PBU 18 (2002) Accounting for profit tax (timing difference approach)
Derecognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities[edit]
Management has an obligation to accurately report the true state of the company, and to make judgements and estimations where necessary. In the context of tax assets and liabilities, there must be a reasonable likelihood that the tax difference may be realised in future years.
For example, a tax asset may appear on the company's accounts due to losses in previous years (if carry-forward of tax losses is allowed). In this case a deferred tax asset should be recognised if and only if the management considered that there will be sufficient future taxable profit to utilise the tax loss.[2] If it becomes clear that the company does not expect to make profits in future years, the value of the tax asset has been impaired: in the estimation of management, the likelihood that this tax loss can be utilised in the future has significantly fallen.
In cases where the carrying value of tax assets or liabilities has changed, the company may need to do a write down, and in certain cases involving in particular a fundamental error, a restatement of its financial results from previous years. Such write-downs may involve either significant income or expenditure being recorded in the company's profit and loss for the financial year in which the write-down takes place.
See also[edit]
Deferred financing costs
Tax shield
Notes[edit]
Jump up^ IAS 12.5
Jump up^ IAS 12.34
External links[edit]
Summary of International Accounting Standard 12: Income Taxes - by the International Accounting Standards Board
Summary of Financial Accounting Standard 109: Income Taxes - US Financial Accounting Standard
Financial Reporting Standard 19: Deferred Tax - UK Financial Reporting Standard
Deftax - Commercial Deferred Tax Software;s report
Control self-assessment
Financial audit
GAAS / ISA
Internal audit
Sarbanes–Oxley Act
Accounting qualifications
CIA
CA
AIA
CPA
CCA
CGA
CMA
CAT
FIA
AAT
CFE
CICA
ACCA
CIMA
CGMA
IPA
CIPFA
v
t
e
An asset that may be used to reduce any subsequent period's income tax expense. For deferral of tax liabilities in cash-flow termsDeferred tax
From Wikipedia. Deferred tax assets can arise due to net loss carryovers.
Accountancy
Key concepts
Accountant
Accounting period
Accrual
Bookkeeping
Cash and accrual basis
Constant purchasing power accounting
Cash flow forecasting
Chart of accounts
Convergence
Journal
Special journals
Cost of goods sold
Credit terms
Debits and credits
Double-entry system
Mark-to-market accounting
FIFO and LIFO
GAAP / IFRS
Management Accounting Principles
General ledger
Goodwill
Historical cost
Matching principle
Revenue recognition
Trial balance
Fields of accounting
Cost
Financial
Forensic
Fund
Management
Tax (U.)
Throughput
Financial statements
Balance sheet
Cash flow statement
Income statement
Statement of retained earnings
Notes
Management discussion and analysis
XBRL
Auditing
Auditor', see tax deferral
